ILLOCUTION IN SPEECH ACTS BY FOREIGN STUDENTS IN INDONESIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSES

This research explores illocution in speech acts by foreign students in Indonesian as a Foreign Language classes at Sebelas Maret University. Illocution is a speech that shows the state of language relating to the situation in general and more free and aims to express something from the speaker to the partner. This research aims to describe the forms of student illocution in Indonesian Language classes. This study used qualitative approach with naturalistic design. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and document analysis. The data of illocution acts included assertive, declaration, directives, commissive, and expressive in learning activities. The study revealed that students applied assertive, directives, commissive and expressive as their main speech acts during learning Indonesian language in the classroom especially in the oral uses for communications.


INTRODUCTION
Humans are social beings who at all times and every time always need others. Given these traits, language can bridge humans to interact with each other. In interacting, people use various media and one of them is language. Through language, people can exchange ideas, exchange stories and even exchange information that may be needed. In other words, language is a major component of interaction. In addition to understanding how the context of speech is used, people in the language must also understand whether a proper utterance used to convey something to be conveyed without any misunderstandings between speakers with partners said.
The importance of understanding the various aspects of speech acts is a must, so that communication can be well established. The existence of understanding between the speaker and the spoken partner is a very important thing that will indicate that the semantics (Leech, 2011:18). In contrast to Leech, Yule (2006:3-4) define Pragmatics on the four scope, the first pragmatic is the study of speaker meaning is, the second pragmatic is the study of contextual meaning, third pragmatic is the study of how communitcated gets more than is said, and the last is the pragmatic study of expression of relative distance .
The first speech was conveyed by United Kingdom nationals, philosopher John L. Austin, who was then speaking in 1955 at Harvard University andpublished in 1962 under the title How To Do Things With Words. However, the theory of speech act itself is more introduced by Searle said that in daily life, there are at least three types of speech acts. He further said that speech acts divided into three types, namely locution (locutionary act), ilocution (illocutionary act), and perlocution (perlocutionary act) (Searle, 1969:23-24).
The orientation on the experts, Isnawati, Dwi, Anam, and Diana in her research contained a statement that "suggests that in uttering a sentence, a speaker is generally involved in three different acts: "locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act". The three kinds of speech acts in the actual language usage in the community are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts (2012:501). This means that when people talk, they use the language to accomplish a variety of functions such as expressing different emotions, starting from opinion or even insulting someone. All of the things described earlier can be said to act speech in the process of speaking. Furthermore, he stated that in the speech acts study, three things to consider, namely the language used, the intention of the conversation, and the interaction in the social context The act of locution or can be called with The Act of Saying Something,is a speech actsthat aims to declare something (Wijana, 1996:17). The act of illocution or commonly referred to as The Act of Doing Something, is a speech act aimed at doing something (Parera, 1991:151). While perlocution acts is a speech act that aims to declare something with the intention to influence the opponent said certain effects or to give a certain effect to partners said (Leech, 1983:199). Sulistyo (2013:6) states that the speech acts is said person's ability in using language to convey messages or for purposes of speakers to partner said. From the description of the speech actsof some experts, it can be inferred that the speech acts is a person's skills in spoken language with the aim to convey messages to the partner said by paying attention to the context of the speech. Speech acts are divided into three, namely locution, illocution, and perlocution.

a. Assertive
Assertive or representative is a speech act of stating, proposing, bragging, complaining, expressing opinions, and reporting. Similar in the sense that, Ilyas and Khushi (2012:501), gives a sense of assertive illocution, "an assertive act counts as an attempt to explain the actual state of affairs comprising phrases used to address a specific idea, proposition or belief. These acts include asserting that, concluding, informing, predicting and reporting". Follow illocution assertive is a speech is used to convey a particular idea, where the speakers attached to the truth of the proposition expressed or confidence expressed to speakers partners said such as affirm something, inform things, concluded, and reported something.

b. Directives
Directives isa speech that aims to produce an effect to a speech partner in the form of an action or has the intention to make a speech partner doing something. The function of speech acts directive according to Rahardi (2009:17), such as ordering, commanding, begging, demanding, and advising.

c. Declarative (Declarations)
Declarative (declarations) is a speech that falls into the category of a very specific act of saying such as firing, punishing, and hiring. This speech act is intended to create things such as status, circumstances and so forth from the speakers to the said partner (Yule, 1996:94).

d. Commissives
Comissive is a speech act where the speakers attached to an action in the future. These commissive include promising, offering, and swearing (Rahardi, 2009:18).

e. Expressives
Expressives is a speech act which has the function as a disclosure of psychological attitude of the speaker toward the state implied in the illocution. The action to express this expressive attitude according to Rahardi (2009:18), like to say thank you, congratulate, apologize, blame, praise, and say condolences.

Illocution on Foreign Student Speech in Indonesian Language Learning
Follow up said illocution called the act of doing something . Altikriti (2011Altikriti ( : 1376, said that: "once the illocutionary act is satisfied, its propositional content fits the existing state of affairs in general Independently in the world. This expresses a belief, making the words fit the words and commit the speaker to the truth of what is asserted, for example: asserting that, reporting, instructing, concluding, responding, wishing, etc.".
One of the follow illocution indicates the State of the language relating to the circumstances in General and more free. Further he said that acts of illocution have the goals presented speakers to partner said that words spoken were words indeed would like delivered. With the illocution, speakers can convey what it wants against the partner said, such as affirming something, report something, instructs something, responding to a speech, expect partners to understand the purpose of said speakers, and so on.
It can be said that the acts of said illocution is the most important speech acts in the study and understanding of the acts of said (Nadar, 2013:14). Further, Nadar said that speech acts is a criminal illocution said said the articulated by the speakers with the purpose to achieve something desirable at the time said something, like the action of States, promises, apologies, threatens, foretells, commanding, ask, etc. Searle (1968:10), said that the shareholder said this illocution can be classified according to the activity in five kinds of forms of speech that each has it is communicative function. The five kinds of forms of speech are assertive or representative, directive, Declaration, commissives, and expressive.
Learning Indonesian Language in Technical Implementing Language Sebelas Maret University followed by six foreign students, namely Abdul (A), Berth (B), Jung (J), Nedu (Nd), and Num (Nm), as for the (Pg) is the abbreviation for Indonesian Language teacher.

METHODS
The methods in this research is a qualitative approach. The qualitative approach is an approach that aims to build knowledge statement based on constructive or perspective -a perspective partisipatori (Creswell, 2003:18). This research included in this type of case study research, where research case studies delve phenomena of a certain time and activities, as well as collecting detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures for cases of that happening (Afifuddin Ahmad Saebani, 2009:87). The object of the research obtained from research data in the form of a follow up said illocution, namely assertive, directives, declarations, commissives, and expressives Indonesian Language students.
Research data consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data is the first data obtained, recorded and collected by researchers (Anwar, 2014:104). Primary Data in this study are obtained directly by researchers through observation and interview against the Indonesian Language teachers, foreign students or Indonesian Language learners, and the manager or coordinator of the Indonesian Language in Technical Implementing (UPT) Language Sebelas Maret University. Secondary data is data that is not observed by researchers directly, for instance through other people or documents (Sugiyono, 2015:193). In this research, secondary data obtained from researchers documents, photos, and videos in the Indonesian Language learning activities in the form of acts of said locution, illocution, and perlocution by students in Implementing Technical Unit Language Sebelas Maret University. The data source in this research there are three, i.e. informant, documents and library studies.
The technique of data collection in this research is with techniques observation, interviews, and document studies. The validity of the data (content analysis) is a guarantee of stability summary and interpretation of meanings as a result of research (Sutopo, 2002:79). The validity of the data used in this study i.e. the technique of triangulation, through a triangulation source, triangulation theory and triangulation methods.

Assertive
Illocution assertive is a speech is used to convey a particular idea, where the speakers attached to the truth of the proposition expressed or confidence expressed to Vol. 2,No.

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speakers partners said such as affirm something, inform things, concluded, and reported something. Illocution assertive/Representative found in Indonesian Language learning in Implementing Technical Unit language of the Sebelas Maret University as follows.

Translation:
Pg : "Maybe you want to convince your wife that you're a good husband?" (Laughs). "How many minutes you need to make paragraphs persuasion, Abdul? Fifteen minutes?" A : "One hour." Pg : "Not to be one hour. It's too long." A : "Em, it's difficult." On speech acts is said illocution assertive. Speakers complained about the duties charged to him. It is seen in the speech, when Pg asked A about the time needed for the task and A as foreigners respond to such A question is not able to feel if he had to complete the task by the time offered by Pg. Illocution assertive produce a report that is visible from A response stating that the task is too difficult if only provided time for fifteen minutes. So, this form of speech acts on this speech is complaining against the given task and time that are provided or offered by Pg.

Translation:
N : "Later, later can read, huh?" Pg : "Unable to read? Yes you should be writing good. If no good can't read." J : "Mom, your answer differs with the intention of Num." (Laughs) Pg : "Then what?" J : "So, the question is, if the Num presentation should read what is not, so." On speech acts is said illocution assertive/representative. Speakers provide affirmation against the intent of the speech. J as speakers provide affirmation against the intent of the speech is about Pg Nm. in the speech, Nm asked Pg if at the moment of presentation is allowed read or not, but the response is different with the intention of Pg Nm. J. who knows the meaning of speech Nm then explained and confirmed the intent of the speech is about Nm advance. So, this form of speech acts is said illocution assertive, where speakers (J) give you discernment towards partners (Pg) said about the intent of the speech earlier. Nm On speech acts is said illocution assertive. (J) speakers expressed opinions about the handwriting of the partners said (Pg). When Pg wrote on the chalkboard and J give criticism about the letter t which are written with the same letter f Pg and it is say yes by the Nm. Words written is utilization, J noticed that the handwriting on the letter t and Pg f it makes no difference, so J gives an opinion on the writings of the Pg. So, this form of speech acts on this speech is giving opinions about what Pgdid, in this case the inscription Pg on the Board.

Directive
Illocution directive is a speech that aims to produce an effect to the partners said the form of action or have the intention to make the partners said doing something. Illocution directive found in Indonesian Language learning as follows. On speech acts is said illocution directive. Speakers are asked to give time for one hour to both partners in order to complete the task of the partners said. So, the form of acts of this nature in the speech is said to give effect on the partners said (Pg) in order to give more time to the speakers (Nd). It looks at the partners said (Pg) who asked the speakers (Nd), to answer how much time it takes to complete the task. The speech is on Pg as a partner said offers to Nd who is foreigners about the time it takes to complete the task. Speakers to answer or respond to questions from the Pg form speech instructions or application so that the Pg gives time for one hour to Nd the task. So, the speech is intended to both partners (Pg) do what is desired by the speakers (Nd).

Translation:
Pg : "Yeah, so this is the place to find hotels online, yes. A website to looking for a hotel. OK, once again." (Serve ads trivago). B : "It's hard!" Nm : "Too fast, once again!" Pg : "Yes, Ok. Once again? Too fast? Once again, huh?" On speech acts is said illocution directive. Speakers (Nm) appealed to the partners said (Pg) to repeat the advertisement trivago because the ad Nm feel too fast so don't know what the content of those ads. So, this form of speech on speech acts is said to give influence to the partners said (Pg) to do something like what is expected by the speakers (Nm), in this rotating advertising trivago. It looks at the moment Nm responded by saying that the ads is too fast so he asked/begged partners said (Pg) to repeat the playback of those ads and approved by the partners said (Pg).

Declarative (Declaratoins)
Illocution declarative (declarations) is an included speech in the category follow highly specialized like said fire, giving the penalty, and appointed officers. It said acts intended to create things like status, circumstances and so forth from the speakers to the said partner (Yule, 1996:94). Illocution not found in declarative learning Indonesian Language. Illocution is very special, so it is not found in the form of declarative learning Indonesian Language on illocution.

Commissives
Illocution commissives is a follow up said where the speakers attached to an action in the future. This includes follow up Commissives promising, offers, and swear (Rahardi, 2009:18) .IllocutionCommissives found in the Indonesian Language learning.

Translation:
Pg : "Including you. I know how." (Laughs). "Num, is already the fourth, you told me want to be the third?" Nm : "But I want to be the last." (laughs) Pg : "Last the third, the fourth, now thelast?" (Laughs).
On speech acts is said illocution commissive. Speakers promised partners said last time after presentation to his friends. So, this form of speech acts is promising something said. Speakers (Nm) tied things with partners said (Pg) to do something on the future. It is apparent from the speech that promised to get Nm turn presentation late, meaning that Nm had wished her to presentation after all her friend finished the presentation.

Translation:
Pg : "Num, I thought you to cook for me but you didn't." Nm : "Oh, isn't it. Next time, mom." On speech acts is said illocution commissives. Speakers (Nm) promising something to the partners said (Pg), that is tied to something in the future. It looks at the moment the Pg gives a statement addressed to Nm about the cuisine. PG thought that Nm will provide certain dishes to Pg. Speakers (Nm) responded by promising that will fill out to Pg but at another time. In this case, promising something to the Pg Nm, artnya Nm is bound to do something in the future. So, this form of speech acts illocution commissives said is promising something in the future.

Expressive
Illocution expressive (expressives) is a follow up said that functions as a disclosure of psychological attitude of the speaker toward the State implied in the illocution. Illocution expressive found in learning Indonesian Language in Implementing Technical Unit Language of the SebelasMaret Universityas follows.

Translation:
A : "Mom, today I bring a friend. He studied at Padjajaran University. Forgive me to often bring friends into the classroom." Pg : "It's okay. Just bring your friend to learn Indonesian." On speech acts is said illocution expressives. Speaker apologized to both partners (Pg) because the speakers brought his friend u n to follow the teaching and learning activities in the classroom. So, the form of acts of this nature on the speech said the apology, speakers (J) apologise to partners (Pg) said, with the hope the partners said (Pg) forgive and let him bring a friend (J) speakers to follow the teaching and learning activities. So, the form of acts of this nature of said apology or expressive. On speech acts is said illocution expressives. Speakers (Nm) thanked the partners said (M) because it's already offered to eat together. It looks at the moment of said partners (M) asked the speakers (Nm) are willing to eat together, and speakers (Nm) responded with a polite. Speakers answering questions the form of expressive speech i.e. grateful because it already offers to eat together, but with the polite speech then the speakers explained that the last speakers (Nm) has breakfast and still full. So, this form of speech acts is saying thank you or expressives.

Discussion
Research on speech acts by Ariff and Mugableh (2014:248) emphasizes more on how speech acts occur by speakers of the form of speech in an agreement with different cultural backgrounds. The equation of the research with this research is equally research on speech acts. This research is more specific about the form of students illocution acts, whereas the research analyzes students' speech when making an agreement and body expression from men and women when making such an agreement.
Research on speech acts has been done by Suhirman (2016:19), in the journal IJOLTL with the title "Speech Acts in Psycholinguistics Classes Setting in Postgraduate Program". The study outlines what type of follow up said that occurred in class Psycholinguistics graduate program. Data on the take are sayings that resulted from an instructor/lecturer and students during the discussion in the classroom. Findings from research that is the use of three types of acts, namely locution, illocution and also perlocution. In contrast to these studies, this research focused on the acts of illocution, and only speech acts of the foreign students, instructors or teachers not being made of the data in the study.
Research conducted by Praditya, Putra, and the Artini (2014:1), describes the use of a speech acts film in the film said Habibi-Ainun. The findings in the study mentioned that the speech is made up of the direct speech, indirect speech, representatives, commissives, directives, and expressives. The equation with this research is located in research purposes i.e. describe acts of illocution. In addition, the study also not found illocution in the form of declaratives, it becomes the equation between such research with this research. However, in the study subjects were analyzed in the form of film Habibi-Ainun, while for the study was awarded feature resulting from foreign students in learning the Indonesian Language.
Research on the speech acts by Zayed (2014:1), discuss of a follow up on the use of the form of give a greeting, asking, give a thank, apologize, and give a praise. The point of this research out that in using the follow said during the ongoing learning, teachers use the speech is better at the moment gives, request, and saying a thank than using speech while apologize and member of praise. Unlike the speech is made by students, this research shows that students are better at using the follow said give greetings from on the type of speech acts. The difference with this research with the research is in the subject are examined, the research was more focused against acts of said illocution foreign students, while such research only describe about using the follow form give a greeting, asking, give a thank, apologize, and give a praise. Umaroh and Kurniawati (2017:1), in his research, The Dominance of Illocution and PerlocutionIn The Transaction Of Buying And Selling, mentions that the use of illocution and perlocution in the transaction of buying and selling in the market the traditional Johar Semarang is more dominant. It is influenced by the background of research that generates a lot of speech is due to this heterogeneity. The research is similar to this research that is about illocution. However, the study also describes the use of perlocution speech, whereas in this study only focused on the illocution. This research is located in Johar Traditional Market, while the research is located in Language Technical Service Unit with the subject of research of foreign students

CONCLUSION
The act of speech illocution aims to state something in order to influence the said partner to do something according to what the speaker wants. The act of speaking of the illocution of foreign students found in Indonesian Language learning in Sebelas