An Analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Donald Trump's Speech to the UN General Assembly 2017

The aim of this research is to define a linguistic framework based on Donald Trump's manuscript at the 2017 General Assembly, since Trump is an influential person in the world and it was essential to note how the impact of his speech could have a strong effect on audiences. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze and describe the types of lexical cohesion of HallidayHasan (1976) and Renkema's Theory (2004). In regard, the researchers analyze the most frequently known types of lexical cohesion following the analysis of the data and drawing conclusions based on the results.The findings showed that 80 data were found and 36 data included repetitions, 10 synonyms, 2 general terms, 3 superordinates, 10 collocations, 5 hyponymies, 6 antonyms, 27 anaphoras, and no cataphora and metonymy found in this analysis. After analyzing the results, the most dominant type found was repetition, which meant emphasizing their speech to show how powerful the American and show profound admiration for others.


INTRODUCTION
Speech is one of the communication skills that have the power to influence others, and it could have a direct impact on the audience formed by public figures as they play a significant role in mainstream society. Similarly, this research studies how the linguistic structure is especially lexical in the sense of Donald Trump's speech to the general assembly in which his speech was delivered. The rationale for studying this speech is that Donald Trump is a person in a position of influence not just in his home country, but also internationally, and it would be extremely necessary to examine his speech on the basis of linguistic structure. Moreover, the study of political speech has a strong connection with language, as the experts state that "policy cannot be conducted without language" (Chilton andSchäffner, 1997, p 206, cited in Dung Dang, 2020). It means that human activity clearly requires language to be established, such as political speech, which also has a significant impact on the linguistic framework of how it demonstrates and conveys meaning to audiences.
On the other hand, a certain kind of communication is writing, which becomes the means of communicating with others, but it is different from speaking since it could generate more than writing in the speech itself and could contain less reliable details

Research Questions
Drawing from the above background, two research questions were developed as the guide of this research. They are: 1) What kind of lexical cohesion found in the speech of Donald Trump to the general assembly 2017? 2) What the most dominant found types of lexical cohesion in the speech of Donald Trump to the general assembly 2017? Brown and Yule (1983, p.1) state "Discourse analysis has committed an investigation of what language is used for". They explain that discourse analysis can be applied to how to analyze a language in the structure itself and analyze how the language is used to communicate. Moreover, Cook (1994, p.1) described "discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language take on meaning, purpose, and unity for their users". According to this statement, it means that discourse is a part of the analysis of linguistic which can express meaning, purpose, and unity by the speaker. Furthermore, discourse analysis has much focused on describing as communicating, stressing the contextual aspect of meaning which is interactive and negotiated, determined by the social relations, and identities of the participants in communication.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Discourse Analysis
Besides, Schmitt states "Discourse analysis is interpreted in how the speakers and writers use of lexis creation patterns over longer stretches of text beyond the sentence." He explains that discourse analysis can be described as how the smallest part of linguistic structure is utilized by the speaker regardless of the speaker as a direct communication or writer as indirect communication.

Cohesion
"Cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary" (Halliday and Hasan, 1976, p.6). According to them, it means that the analysis of cohesion could be like the grammatical or vocabulary involved and this way can refer to grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion, both of which is extremely essential on the analysis of linguistic aspect. They also state "Cohesion is a semantic relation which refers to the relationship that exists in the next, then, it is called text." It means that cohesion strongly relates to the semantic structure which can represent the meaning of the word and it is called a text. Halliday & Hasan (1976, p.318) "Lexical cohesion is 'phoric' cohesion is established through the structure of the lexis, or vocabulary, and hence (like substitution) at the lexicogrammatical level." Additionally, lexical cohesion is created by the structure in the language such as vocabulary, grammatical, and substitution which sometimes is used in the text to avoid repetition when mentioning a thing. Likewise, lexical cohesion refers to the principle which is played by the vocabulary, grammatical, and substitution in organizing connection within a text. Furthermore, there are two types of lexical cohesion, reiteration, and collocation. According to Renkema (2004) reiteration can be divided into reiteration and collocation. Also, reiteration is categorized into repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, metonymy, and antonym. Halliday and Hasan state (1976, p.278) "Reiteration is one lexical item referring back to another, to which it is related by having a common referent." Some items are called reiteration when they indicate to refer to others item, which is indicates to the types of lexical cohesion. Besides, reiteration items are repetition, synonymy or nearsynonymy, superordinate, and general word which are explained as:

Repetition
Repetition is an act of referring or rewriting some words to the same words which have been mentioned several times before. It happens when a word in the first sentence is repeated in the next sentence.

Synonymy or Near Synonymy
George Yule (2010, p.117) says synonymy is "Two or more words with very closely related meaning. They can often, though not always, be substituted for each other in sentences." From this explanation, synonymy is a term that has a similar idea or very similar meaning with another itemwhich is called again in the next sentence to create the connection of the sentence itself.
The example of near synonymy is 'lie' and 'untruth'. The meaning both words is very similar but not fully intersubstitutable. Additionally, untruth is meant the same to lies, but both of those words are not identical. A lie is an act to deliberate attempt to lie people by sharing them misleading information which is contradictive to the truth, whereas untruth can be received by the people because of the ignorance from the people providing the news about the accurate information. (Gove, 1984, as cited in Edmonds andHirst, 2002).

Superordinate
Superordinate is a term that can be used to call for a category of something and this term refers to something to the upper class itself.

General Word
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.280) "The general words, which correspond to major classes of the lexical item, are very commonly used with cohesive force. They are on the borderline between lexical items and substitutes". Similarly, the general word is an item meaning to a specific classification refers to the other item having general meaning and this act is used as substitution to refer back for something which is previously mentioned.

Hyponymy
Yule (2010, p.118) states "Hyponymy is when the meaning of one is included in the meaning of another." Thus, some items are called hyponymy when it explains more specific or detail meaning to replace the item before.

Metonymy
According to Yule (2010), metonymy is using other words to refer to the one. Besides, metonymy uses in the daily conversation everyday known uses the name 'figurative language.' 2.3.1.7. Antonymy IJOTL-TL, Vol. 5, No. 3, September2020 p-ISSN: 2502-2326 Kreidler (2002, p.10) states "Antonym is two words that make an opposite statement about the same subject." It means that antonymy is one word that refers to another but it has the opposite meaning. Renkema (2009, p.233) says the example of antonyms such as the word of black and white since both words have an opposite meaning to darkles color and other to visible light.

Collocation
According toHalliday and Hasan (1976, p.391) "Collocation is a word way associated with another word in the preceding text, because it is a direct repetition of it, or is in some sense synonymous with it, or tends to occur in some lexical environment, coherence with that word and so contributes to the texture." Specifically, collocation is an item having strong connection or similar pattern with other word in the same text or sentence to repeat others word, and this way is established in one category because of the coherence in the meaning. Renkema (2004, p.105) states that "Collocation deals the relationship between word based on the fact that these often occur in the same surrounding." From the Renkema explanation, it means the collocation is held in the similar group because the words have strong connection to be established together. Additionally, collocation can be easily be found in every daily life, the examples from Renkema (2004) are sheep and wool, congress and politician, or college and study.

2.3.3.Referential Element
According to Renkema (2004), the referential element is a special type of referential cohesion that is established by using the pronouns. One particularly good example of referential elements are: 'John said that he was not going to school'. 'When he came in John tripped over the blocks'. (Renkema 2004, p.106) The first example is called anaphora which means an item (pronoun) in a text connecting with previously mentioned items. Thus, 'he' is back to John that mentioned in the previous sentence. Besides, the second example is called cataphora which means an item (pronoun) tie where a text is connected to an element that follows later in the text.

Previous Studies
A number of researchers have carried out a similar study in relation to previous studies. First, a study by Vidya and Zuhri (2020) entitled 'Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion Analysis of Trump's Speech upon Soleimani Assassination' which has similarities and differences with this research. In reference, the parallels included that the topic of this previous study also used the political context, namely Trump and Soleimani, and the approach used to examine the lexical cohesion of Halliday and Hassan. Conversely, this previous study also explores grammatical cohesion and uses other hypotheses to resolve this issue, but the current research focuses exclusively on lexical cohesion. Moreover, the consequence of this previous study is that the use of repetition is to reinforce Trump's commitment to defending his notion and to voicing his concern for other countries in the world.
The study entitled Lexical Cohesion Positions in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Debate Speech Rhetorical Technique, Trump vs. Clinton by Saefudin (2020). The similarity between this previous study and this recent research uses the same political background as the object study, whereas this previous study also undertake the rhetorical strategy to be analyzed as the differences. As a result of this previous study, this repetition is used to reinforce the problem of employment and the challenge of building the American economy.Further, a study by Novi and Widyashanti (2020) entitled 'Lexical Cohesion Analysis of Adele's Song Lyrics in the Album 25' has similarities to the recent study, with Halliday and Hassan's theory and focuses only on lexical cohesion, whereas the differences that use lyrical song as an object study.The revelation of this previous research that repetition as the most dominant types of lexical cohesion is used to deeply enroll the emotions of the audience in order to gain the meaning of the song.
Eventually, all of these previous studies have the same outcome of repetition, which is used to highlight the concept or meaning, and the aim of this recent study is to complete all of them in order to explore the particular intention of underlining the concept. The aim of this recent study is to identify the emphasis on a word or a phrase as a means of using repetition as Allan and Charlotte (2010) who state that speech, which uses language to express the idea, has the power to influence the audience. Thus, Trump's speech is especially important to examine how his speech depicts him as a political figure, whether he is trying to build a positive image or not.

METHODS
The required approach to the analysis of the form of lexical cohesion in this study is descriptively qualitative, since the object of the research includes the statements from the transcript. In addition, a qualitative approach was a type of method in which the result did not require the use of numerals, formulas or enumerations, but the interpretation resulting from the data.
The data for this analysis was the assertion in Donald Trump's speech to the UN General Assembly 2017 that describes the types of lexical cohesion. The researchers selected this speech as an object study because it is delivered in the general assembly by a political leader who could theoretically influence the audience, and it would be possible to create a linguistic element that could be analyzed by established theory.
The data source was obtained from an online website, namely www.vox.com, which offers reliable information in terms of political news. he researchers then took certain procedures in gathering the data, such as checking the transcript of the speech on the www.vox.com website, uploading the transcripts, and generally identifying certain types of lexical cohesion. After that, the researchers read the sentence in each paragraph containing lexical cohesion in order to collect the data, and then selects the terms that consist of lexical cohesion in the text.A variety of steps were then taken to analyze the data implemented in this research in order to achieve an appropriate date. Initially, the first step was to recognize and collect the lexical cohesion found in the selected transcripts in order to classify the data. The classification of the lexical cohesion type was then defined as a distinctive category to be categorized as a type of lexical cohesion group. Eventually, the analysis of dominant lexical cohesion found in speech transcripts and the conclusion based on the findings of the data.

Repetition
The repetition found in the transcript consists of 36 data expressed in speech out of 80 data, and this form of lexical consistency was the most dominant type found than the others. An example of this recurrence was when Trump talked about the essential role of Americans in the United Nations, such as providing financial support to the military. In addition, Trump said that the U.S. had invested on the military, which was to be the best in the world, and he used the term our military to highlight his military stance in America. In the same way, Trump also said that America had been paying a massive amount of money to gain freedom for a variety of notions in the world, and he used freedom twice in a similar sentence to describe this address.
In the next sentence, Trump said about gratitude for the United Nations that dealt with the Syrian conflict, and he mentioned the word the effort twice to emphasize the important role of the United Nations against the mainstream world. Another indication of recurrence Trump said about the foreign relationship, regardless of the political term or economic component, between American and other notions in the world. In addition, Trump used the first duty as a role of American twice to justify the strong relationship. Subsequently, the researchers noticed the words that used to be repeated when Trump said God blessthree times to illustrate his thanksgiving in the last discussion regarding America's role in the United Nations. In addition, the first word was gratitude to all audiences, the second word to all nations in the world, and the last word was gratitude to the Americans.

4.2.Synonymy
After analyzing the data, 11 synonyms were found in Donald Trump's speech, and he used the synonym to describe the term, which has a similar meaning to each other. Moreover, when Trump gave a speech on the Marshall Plan, which was intended to raise economic prosperity for the United States in the European nation after World War II, Trump said that the Marshall Plan was an independent, and free organization. In addition, independent, and free have a common meaning and, according to the Thesaurus dictionary, self-reliant means self-reliant.
In addition, another example of synonymy found that Trump clarified the role of President as leader in every country. He began as an American that the president tried to create a healthy environment for normal society by using the terms harmony and friendship and avoiding volatile circumstances such as conflict and strife. In addition, harmony and friendship had similar meanings to achieve a peaceful existence.In this section, Trump used terms that had a similar meaning to declare a strong statement to establish a prosperous society. Furthermore, Trump also listed conflict and strifein the next sentence that he wanted to prevent. Between conflict and strifethere was a common sense of an adverse circumstance, belief, or feeling.

General Word
There were only two general words found in the manuscript of Donald Trump's address, since the general word is exceptionally unusual to be used not only in political speech but also in the other text. Trump, the first example of this sort to be found at the beginning of the address, claimed that the United States had done very well after the election day established by federal public officials. Moreover, the word 'Done' meant very general, and clarified more in depth in the next sentence and the essence of the matter is the prosperous situation in the United States where the stock market was full, unemployment was at the lowest rate due to the new legislation imposed by local authorities, and the United States could provide citizens with more jobs than before. Furthermore, Trump delivered in his speech about the play of the United Nation which highly significant for several counties, and to begin his explanation he used the sentence 'Let's see how they do. In addition, done meaning something very general and he explains the meaning of 'do' in the following sentence. Hence, done meant the play to deal with the problem in North Korea about the Kim regime.

4.4.Superordinate and Hyponymy
The researchers found 3 superordinate and 5 subordinates or hyponyms out of 80 of all the data in the manuscript. In addition, the data showed that it was superordinate and subordinate when Trump announced the United Nations to tackle terrorist crimes in the Middle East. Trump described the country as an example of the Middle East, namely Afghanistan, in the following sentence. In addition, Afghanistan was super ordinated by the Middle East, while Afghanistan was subordinate to the Middle East. Moreover, the Middle East was one of the countries of the world that comprised most of Asia and Europe, and Afghanistan itself was part of Western Asia.
In addition, the other example of the superordinate found that Trump expressed support for many countries and referred to Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon as their role in hosting refugees from the Syrian conflict. Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon were then subordinated to the United Nations, as was stated in the following sentence. In the other hand, since these countries were part of the United States, the United Nations has been hyponymous from Jordan, Turkeyand Lebanon.

Antonymy
After performing data for research purposes, the researchers found 6 anonymies out of 80 results. Trump often listed words that had the opposite meaning. It was war and peace to talk about past situations in the United States. According to the Oxford Dictionary (2009), war meant 'the use of armed forces against a nation's competing party (or civil war) and peace meant 'state freedom from fighting.' Another indication of an anonymy found in the address, Trump said how to thrive in the United Nations and achieve the objectives that included several notions. In order to accomplish these ambitious goals in the future, it took insight to study history from the past, and Trump IJOTL-TL, Vol. 5, No. 3, September2020 p-ISSN: 2502-2326e-ISSN: 2502- used two terms that were past and future to clarify the goals themselves. By using this kind of word that had a conflicting meaning, Trump looked at how important it was to study history in order to create a better life in the future. Furthermore, Trump also mentioned harmony and friendship, not conflict and strife when he discussed in terms of the American population which wanted to achieve a prosperous in their life, not an adverse situation. In comparison, harmony andc onflict, which meant a friendly situation, had a distinct meaning to conflict and strife, which referred to the adverse situation.

Collocation
Out of 80 data, the researchers found 10 data which are indicated as collocations. The example of the collocation found that, in his address, Trump listed the word of culture and tradition and government and nations. In addition, as a leader of a country that is part of the United Nations, Trump argued that he did not expect any mainstream society to share a similar culture and tradition, and expressed the same opinion about the system of government and nation. In addition, the word culture used in a tradition-related speech to convey the text of the problem in the country has a diverse culture. Similarly, according to the Oxford Dictionary (2009), a civil war-related body, the government and the nation also had a link to be grouped into one administration-related category. Since the speech was delivered by the President, it would be possible to speak in terms of government. Trump also claimed to be a civil war when he said about the situation in the Middle East that the civil war in Yemen had to be ended in order to establish a better life for the people of the Middle East. In addition, civil and war had a close relation, indicating that civil war was a war in the same country declared by the same government, Likewise, according to the Oxford Dictionary (2009), civil connected with the war meant 'war between two sides in the same country'.

Referential Element
There were 27 anaphora found in the speech to name a person or someone using substitution, but there was no cataphora found in the manuscript. In addition, the example of anaphora that Trump stated to the leaders to clarify the role of president in a country, after which Trump repeatedly said the leader's word to substitute them.This act of referencing a person using a pronoun is called anaphora and is incredibly useful to prevent repetition when Trump addresses a person or event using the same phrase. Another example of anaphora used that Trump referenced Truman, who had been president in the past, to justify Truman's speech at the congress in favor of European recovery. Then Trump said his message, which meant Truman's message in the following sentence. As a result, another referential aspect found that Trump used the term indicated as anaphora. Initially, as President of the United Nations, Trump referred to radical Islamic terrorism that must be battled to bring about a prosperous society in the world, after which he reiterated it in response to radical Islamic terrorism, which has been repeatedly stated. As a consequence, using the pronounit to replace radical Islamic terrorism, named anaphora as the referential devices.

The Frequency of Each Type of Lexical Cohesion
The lexical cohesion appears in Table 1, suggesting that the most prevalent form of lexical cohesion found was repetition, with data representing just over 25 per cent of the total data, followed by anaphora as the second largest at precisely 21.6 per cent. In comparison, the sum of synonymy was as much as that of collocation at exactly 8 per cent successively, and there was a slight gap between an anonymity and hyponymy at just 0.2 per cent. Also, the superordinate was higher than the general term, and the former was exactly 2.4%, and the latter was 1.5%, both of which were stated to be the lowest number of lexical cohesion forms found in the text. In addition, cataphora and metonymy have not been observed in the speech delivery.

DISCUSSION
According to the relevant theory used, not all categories of lexical cohesion were found in speech. The findings were repetition, synonymy, general word, superordinate, hyponymy, meronymy, antonymy, collocation, and anaphora. In contrast, types such as metonymy and cataphora have not been found. The analysis of lexical cohesion was very important in understanding how public speech formation could have a profound impact on audiences. Alan Partington and Charlotte Taylor (2010, p.13) stated that the language of study in speech related to the power of speech and how it affected audiences." In terms of a significant approach to language research, namely speech act theory, studying rhetoric means studying the perlocutory power of expression, that is, the impact that speakers expect to have on their audience. "On the basis of this interpretation, the speaker played an important role in inspiring or persuading the audience. Therefore, the speaker made a strong statement in the text of his address. Coherent instruments may be used to convey sentiment, exchange meaning, or logic to make a good expression.
The most dominant defined category of lexical cohesion was a repetition of just over 25% of the total data, the quantity of which was stated to be precisely 36. In order to contribute, repetition was rendered in a word or phrase not only twice, but three or four times. The use of repetition in Trump's utterance is advantageous for him to manipulate the audience with his strong argument. One especially good example of this is when Trump proclaimed the life of a strong sovereign nation with various ideals, traditions and dreams.Then, in the next line, Trump repeatedly stated the word of a strong sovereign nations three times to put a strong focus on good society. In a nation that has a diverse culture in the first sentence, gain freedom in the second sentence, and believe in God in the last sentence. As a public figure, Trump could influence, inspire and reassure members of society because he was an powerful person who had the ability to convince others. Trump produced a powerful picture that would make the citizen admire him on the basis of his repetition-containing utterance.
Another example of repetition Trump mentioned that he was a representative of the American people, and in the following sentence he stated again that the American people are strong and resilient. The other role of repetition used in Trump's address, therefore, was to demonstrate how intelligent American citizens have been since he was president in the United States, and it was extremely necessary to explain the strength of his notion. In addition, the repetition was used to recognize the position of stakeholders, Trump stated a phrase "We was thank the Secretary-General for the rule in the United Nations" twice. As a public figure, Trump needs to show his appreciation to the Secretary-General in front of the audience, since this gesture is important to display a positive image of the President.
The second largest quantity of category found was anaphora at precisely 21.6 per cent. For example, anaphora found when Trump states that radical Islamic terrorism must be fought in the Middle East to make life prosperous. Then, in the next sentence, Trump mentioned that he was going back to the word of radical Islamic terrorism that had already been mentioned. The use of the pronoun it was intended to be easily understood when one thing is repeated and, in this case, it was radical Islamic terrorism. In regards, using pronouns in the utterance was more effective than repeating the same phrase.
Furtheore, the next frequent types of lexical cohesion identified were synonymous at 8 per cent. Based on Halliday and Hassan 's Theory (1976), synonymy is a word that has a similar meaning to other words. To illustrate this, Trump referred to an independent and free plan, explained in the Marshall Plan, which aims to boost economic profits for the recovery of Europe.The word independent and free has the same meaning as "freedom" and does not have the same meaning as the other institution, and Trump mentioned those words in the same sentence. Also, the synonyms were used to reinforce the argument that the Marshall Plan was a self-supporting organization. Besides, this way is also essential to create a variation in the utterance, using a different word but having a similar meaning.
Collocation has a similar quantity as that of the synonym at precisely 8 percent respectively. In addition, collocation is one category of a group that has been difficult to decide what makes it the same form. In turn, Trump used a word that was used as a collocation when the word college and student were listed. In this segment, Trump addressed the student traveling to a foreign country returned to the United States to die because he must be punished in the country he visited. Additionally, Trump described this student using the word college student' which meant higher education students. Therefore, the term college student was called collocation because it was a mixture of terms that had to be linked to each other. In addition, the use of collocation can allow the speaker to build interconnected and coherent sentences.
Antonymy was the following types of lexical cohesion found to be observed at only 3.24 per cent. The purpose of using antonymy is to place a strong emphasis on which the word has the opposite meaning. The example of using an antonymy that Trump discussed about is an independent nation that should provide a satisfying life for local society and create a good atmosphere of life like friends, not enemies. As a result, Trump strongly emphasized the importance of creating a peaceful life by using a word that has a conflicting meaning as friends and enemies.
In particular, superordinate is used to define a general to a particular item using the other word which has a specific meaning, but hyponymy or sometimes referred to as subordinate is used to refer to something specific to a general object. The intention of using superordinate and hyponymy was simply to call a person or something to be uttered. The quantity of hyponymy identified in the manuscript was exactly 5%. This was higher than that of the superordinate at just below 3%.Such percentages have been defined as the smallest in the total results. The example of the superordinate was when Trump expressed gratitude to the United Nations for its contributions in humanitarian aid, after which he praised a number of nations that were part of the United Nations, such as Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon. In addition, the United Nations was superordinate, and Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon were hyponymy. Moreover, metonymy and cataphora have not been found in the manuscript.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
This research was conducted to investigate the kinds of lexical cohesion in Donald Trump's speech. Several forms of lexical cohesion have been established in the analysis. Namely: repetition, synonymy, superordinate, general term, hyponymia, antonymy, and anaphora. Metonymy and cataphora were not included in the manuscript, however. In addition, repetition was stated to be the largest quantity found, while the general word was the smallest number than the other types.
Furthermore, repetition was the greatest quantity of lexical consistency used in expression, as this could significantly strengthen the argument uttered. In addition, the use of repetition in political speech is needed to make the listener more conscious of what the speaker needs to say. In the case of Trump's address, he wanted to express his appreciation of the position of stakeholder, clarify how insightful his notion was, and these gestures were intended to portray a positive picture of the president.
After reviewing the analysis in order to obtain adequate data, the researchers noticed some deficiencies. The researchers did not explore metonymy and cataphora as a form of lexical cohesion, so this may be a further topic for the future researchers. Given that this current study uses the president as the focus of the analysis, it would be interesting to analyze the speech of other famous personalities that do not belong to the political spheres, such as the president, and see any potential variation.Lastly, the researchers did not analyze the content of the speech, which could be another suggestion